OWASP Top 10 Vulnerabilities (Current List + 2025 Update)

New digital risks are constantly emerging, as are the prevention and mitigation strategies that keep websites and applications safe from attacks. Keeping up can be a struggle, but the failure to do so could prove devastating: without a robust website security strategy, you risk data breaches, malware attacks, and more. Thankfully, many helpful resources are available.

One of the most trusted resources is the OWASP Top 10, a community-driven ranking of the most critical web application security risks. This comprehensive resource helps developers and website owners determine where the greatest cybersecurity risks lie currently and how to address them.

In this guide, we'll explain which vulnerabilities are included in the latest OWASP top 10 list (2021 edition) and how these can guide your evolving cybersecurity strategy.

*Please note, a new version is expected in 2025, and we will update this resource accordingly.

What is the OWASP Top 10?

The Open Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP) provides free projects, tools, and resources to the general public that are meant to improve software security. These are free of charge and heavily encouraged for all types of users, developers, and security professionals.

One of OWASP's most noteworthy offerings is its iconic top ten list of security risks. As OWASP explains, this collection of concerns "represents a broad consensus about the most critical security risks to web applications."

How often is the OWASP list updated?

Security threats are constantly changing, so it's safe to assume that frequent adjustments are required for the OWASP Top 10. Typically, official updates are released every three and four years. The last major update was in 2021 (which replaced the 2017 version).

Based on this usual timeline, a new version of OWASP is expected to be released in the second half of 2025.

While there have been several significant security developments since then, the 2021 edition remains relevant and well-respected in the cybersecurity industry.

The OWASP vulnerabilities list provides a strong starting point, giving organizations clear guidance on where to focus first when strengthening application security.

OWASP Top 10 List

Though the OWASP Top 10 changes, it is always worth examining. The concerns included in this list are among the most common and alarming in the digital world today. These are compiled with help from the world's most trusted cybersecurity experts, so this is a reliable blueprint as you begin to implement a well-rounded security strategy for your websites and apps.

Here’s the latest OWASP Top 10 list, still relevant as we await the 2025 update:

1. Broken Access Control
2. Cryptographic Failures (formerly Sensitive Data Exposure)
3. Injection (now includes XSS)
4. Insecure Design
5. Security Misconfiguration
6. Vulnerable and Outdated Components
7. Identification and Authentication Failures
8. Software and Data Integrity Failures
9. Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
10. Server‑Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

1. Broken access control

Even the most comprehensive security strategies will have little effect if they're not properly enforced. Unfortunately, this is often the case, with seemingly advanced security solutions implemented but ultimately failing to prove up to their full potential.

The chief culprit? Broken access control — when unauthorized parties gain access to seemingly protected systems and user accounts. This unexpected access leaves sensitive business data at great risk. Often, applications with this issue fail to truly follow the rule of least privilege, which maintains that users should only be granted the specific permissions needed to carry out required tasks. This best practice validates and sanitizes all user inputs, preventing malicious data injections, enforcing access controls on APIs, and verifying authorization for each request.

Several factors can lead to this situation, including misconfigurations, IDOR (Insecure Direct Object References) — where apps expose direct references to internal files or database records, and insecure session management — allowing attackers to hijack user sessions, among other potential causes.

Worrisome findings from OWASP indicate that the vast majority of applications suffer broken access control to some extent, so it would be an understatement to refer to this problem as widespread. Regular website security audits and code reviews are needed for minimizing unauthorized access and also detecting and resolving access control concerns.

2. Cryptographic failures

As a reframed version of an OWASP category once referred to as "Sensitive Data Exposure," cryptographic failure is a far-reaching but undeniably important concept. This category references any type of leak or breach that occurs due to factors like weak encryption algorithms or short encryption keys.

It should go without saying that data encryption is paramount when it comes to cybersecurity and thwarting hackers, but that doesn’t mean every company or individual properly encrypts their data.

While it may seem simple, data encryption is anything but. Data needs to be encrypted both at the storage level and when it’s being transferred. OWASP recommends that encryption be assessed based on the threat model, as some types of encryption will only protect against select types of attacks or vectors.

Beyond this, OWASP experts provide an important reminder: sensitive information is easier to protect if it’s not stored in the first place. Furthermore, while encryption is crucial, applications must be designed in a way that maintains layered security even when encryption solutions and strategies fall through.

Routine security testing, such as code reviews and vulnerability assessments, can help detect and rectify cryptography issues. The utilization of secure cryptographic libraries for added security measures is another option to consider as well.

3. Injection

As a broad attack category, injection attacks occur when code that's been entrusted or even malware is input in a way that allows attackers to alter the meaning of key commands. These injection attacks rely on coding vulnerabilities that make it possible for invalidated users to enter input.

Once the number one threat cited by OWASP, injection dropped to third place during the 2021 update. Another major change for the latest version? This newly broad category now encompasses cross-site scripting (XSS), which has been a top security concern as of late. This category also encompasses several familiar (albeit still dangerous) forms of injection, such as SQL, NoSQL, and LDAP. Implementing intrusion detection systems, secure APIs (application programming interfaces), and server-side input validation can help developers address this security issue.

4. Insecure design

At first glance, this OWASP category may seem excessively broad. It encompasses many risks that plague all types of apps and APIs. Its intention, however, is to reveal how many security problems arise early on and the importance of considering them during the initial planning phase.

The insecure design does not refer to a specific mistake, but rather, an overarching way of thinking that needs to be addressed. According to OWASP, this problem calls for a security-first mindset, complete with "more threat modeling, secure design patterns and principles, and reference architectures."

When possible, weaknesses should be revealed well before implementation. Some threats can be identified before any code is actually written. These issues might be more difficult to detect down the line. Another perk is that this approach can be a lot more efficient, as it reduces the need for revised security solutions down the road.

5. Security misconfiguration

When security best practices are neglected, seemingly safe websites and applications can become shockingly vulnerable. Unfortunately, security settings are often left in default mode, thereby preventing websites from achieving the maximum protection that they require in today's threat-filled digital environment.

Misconfigurations can arise at any level, such as application servers or network services. Often, they occur because unnecessary features (such as ports or accounts) are enabled. Out-of-date software is also a notable problem.

Common misconfigurations can lead to many types of attacks, such as cross-site scripting or command injection. Even web application firewalls (WAFs) can be misconfigured, so there's no level of caution or oversight that goes too far.

6. Vulnerable and outdated components

As application architecture grows ever more complicated, the potential for key components to become outdated (and therefore, more vulnerable to malicious code) increases substantially. Hence, the recent rise in the ranks for this category, which used to be far lower on the OWASP list.

This risk increases further as many websites continue using components with known vulnerabilities rather than updating them. A common example is outdated CMS plugins in platforms like WordPress, extensions that may no longer be supported or patched, but remain active on sites. These outdated plugins are a favorite target for attackers, often providing a direct entry point into otherwise secure environments.

Awareness remains the best defense. This means vetting third-party components carefully before moving forward — and continuing to check for vulnerabilities long after they have been implemented. Streamlined applications are preferable whenever available, as fewer components mean fewer opportunities to become outdated or otherwise vulnerable to cyberattacks.

Patch management and software updates are also crucial, as there's never any guarantee that components will be problem-free. Clear procedures should outline how vulnerabilities will be detected and which mitigation strategies will be used when this inevitably happens.

7. Identification and authentication failures

Once referred to by OWASP as "broken authentication," failures related to identification and authentication can occur in a variety of situations. In general, however, they're most likely when applications have major flaws relating to password protection, session identifiers, or no rate limits on login attempts.

For example, these applications may allow users to stick with default passwords or select weak ones rather than enforcing the robust passwords needed to prevent brute-force attacks. Other potential risks attached to identification and authentication failures include credential stuffing and session hijacking.

This is yet another area in which a comprehensive scanning solution can make a world of difference. Regular scanning should reveal where the greatest identification and authentication vulnerabilities exist. Strong passwords are a must, of course, but multi-factor authentication and CAPTCHA can also provide excellent protection against several types of cyberattacks.

8. Software and data integrity failures

When code and infrastructure are unable to protect against integrity violations, it could lead to security flaws impacting everything from frameworks to client-side machines.

This is one of OWASP's newer additions. OWASP references several familiar examples of this: when an "application relies upon plugins, libraries, or modules from untrusted sources, repositories, and content delivery networks (CDNs)."

Auto-update functionality can also be problematic, particularly if said updates lack integrity verification at the time they are downloaded. Without this extra step, it's possible for attackers to upload updates on their own and even distribute these.

One of the best prevention strategies involves digital signatures, which are simple yet effective. These verify that data comes from desired sources, providing much-needed peace of mind as well as validation from the software itself.

9. Security logging and monitoring failures

First appearing on the OWASP Top 10 in 2017 and now moving up the rankings, this category does not point to a specific vulnerability, but rather, the general failure to record login attempts.

This is a crucial strategy for mitigating attacks, as excessive login failures are indicative of breaches. What's more, these logs must be properly backed up and stored in separate locations to prevent unintentional losses in the event of a natural disaster or simple hardware failure. Additional protection can be obtained via real-time monitoring, which ensures that logs are analyzed promptly.

Significant overlap exists between this category and the aforementioned cryptographic failures. Without encryption for both data-at-rest and in transit, it could be surprisingly easy for malicious players to acquire and tamper with log data.

10. Server-side request forgery

As a recent addition to the latest OWASP Top 10, server-side request forgeries (SSRF) occur when flaws in web applications allow malicious parties to access or even modify resources simply by abusing basic server functionality. This approach is sometimes compared to cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF), but involves a compromised server rather than a compromised client.

Mishandled URLs often rest at the center of these attacks, with malicious parties either supplying URLs or modifying existing ones to the point that they can gain access to internal data such as server configuration details. While data exposure is the chief risk, SSRF attacks can also be leveraged to amplify Cross-Site Port Attacks (XSPA).

Developers should adhere to strict measures to mitigate these attacks. This includes robust input validation and sanitizing user input to prevent malicious URLs or IP addresses. Employing whitelisting techniques for approved URLs or IP ranges effectively limits server requests to trusted resources. Setting up firewall rules and network configurations restricts outgoing server requests to specified resources and protocols. When making external requests, prioritize safe APIs or dedicated endpoints designed for public access. As we mentioned before, enforce the principle of least privilege, granting the server only the necessary access to avoid unrestricted resource consumption.

Tips to protect your applications

The first step to protecting your apps involves reviewing the OWASP vulnerabilities to determine where today's main application risks exist. From there, you can implement a variety of high-level strategies to provide broad protection against hackers, injection vulnerabilities, and many other issues.

• Security scanning. As the foundation of any security solution, vulnerability scanning provides much-needed oversight. This is the first line of defense, as it reveals where specific security vulnerabilities exist and whether any urgent threats need to be addressed.
• Encryption. The need for strong encryption cannot be overstated. After all, the latest version of the OWASP Top 10 includes a revised category focused exclusively on cryptographic failures. SSL certificates remain the standard for producing encrypted links between clients and servers.
• Log files. OWASP cites security logging as one of the most impactful strategies for verifying current security and boosting protection moving forward. Logging is available for everything from network devices and web servers to database servers and even custom application events. These logs are especially valuable for identifying and monitoring security incidents and policy violations.
• Authorization. Defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as "the process of verifying that a requested action or service is approved for a specific entity," authorization should not be confused with authentication. The former simply reveals whether users have access rights. The aforementioned principle of least privilege applies here, but a deny-by-default mentality must also be implemented. Simply put, this means that all traffic that's not explicitly permitted must be denied.
• Authentication. Confirming that all individuals or entities are, in fact, who they claim to be, authentication processes verify identity and, ideally, will ensure that the most problematic parties are denied access. User IDs and passwords are the core components of modern authentication. OWASP also recommends Transport Layer Security (TLS) for login pages, as well as re-authentication to prevent session hijacking or cross-site request forgery.

Protect your site from vulnerabilities

The OWASP list of common vulnerabilities must be taken seriously. Look to SiteLock for comprehensive solutions that combat today's most dangerous attacks. We offer website security plans that cover everything you need to keep your site safe, including vulnerability patching, web application firewalls, malware scanning, malware removal, and more. Contact us today to learn more.